Stratigrafija Vučedola: rekonstrukcija i interpretacija kulturne povijesti
The Vučedol Stratigraphy: Reconstruction and Interpretation of the Cultural History
Muzej vučedolske kulture
Vučedol Culture Museum
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8. prosinca 2022.
December 8th 2022
11:55-12:15
Kasni eneolitik (prijelazno razdoblje na rano brončano doba) u Karpatskoj kotlini, obilježen je autohtonim kulturama u kojima vidimo razvoj kostolačke kulture iz badenske te vučedolske kulture iz kostolačke. Tijekom toga razvoja na području rasprostiranja badenske, kostolačke i vučedolske kulture, pojavljuju se promjene koje se ne mogu uvjerljivo objasniti kontinuiranim autohtonim razvojem. Uzroke tim promjenama vidim u stranim utjecajima i prodorima stranih populacija u Karpatsku kotlinu. U literaturi se te utjecaje i kulturne migracije različito datiralo i njima pristupalo (u slučaju nalaza iz Iže i Podolie oni su određeni kao autohtoni elementi – kostolačka kultura). Nadalje, nikakva pozornost nije posvećena interakciji s domorodačkim kulturama, tj. kako su ti utjecaji i migracije djelovali na autohtone kulture Karpatske kotline.
Analiza arheoloških nalaza, u prvome redu lončarije i metala, pomaže nam identificirati arheološke kulture, njihovu rasprostranjenost i geneze. Arheološke kulture tako pomažu da rekonstruiramo i interpretiramo kulturnu povijest. Podjela na badensku, kostolačku, vučedolsku i vinkovačku kulturu samo je arheološka metoda koja nas vodi prema zaključku da ove četiri arheološke kulture tvore jedinstveni i kontinuirani razvoj istog entiteta kasnoga eneolitika u osvit ranoga brončanog doba. Također smo pokazali prodor drugog entiteta, kulture grobova u jami, u kasni eneolitik Karpatske kotline, dok u vrijeme ranoga brončanog doba uočavamo prodor novoga entiteta, kulture zvonastih pehara. Utvrđena su dva različita međudjelovanja domaćih kultura i pridošlica. U slučaju kulture grobova u jami autohtona se kultura povlači, dok se kultura zvonastih pehara pojavljuje istovremeno uz vinkovačku kulturu (usp. naselje vinkovačke kulture s kulturom zvonastih pehara na Petrovaradinskoj tvrđavi).
The Late Eneolithic (transitional period to the EBA) in the Carpathian Basin, I posit, was characterised by indigenous cultures in which we see the development of the Kostolac out of the Baden culture, and the Vučedol culture out of the Kostolac culture. Changes occurred in the course of this development (in the area of the distribution of the Baden, Kostolac and Vučedol cultures) that cannot be convincingly explained by a continuous indigenous development. I see the causative factors behind these changes in foreign influences and the penetration of foreign populations into the Carpathian Basin. In the literature these migrations and cultural influences have been variously dated and assessed (in the case of the Iža and Podolie finds they have been asserted to be indigenous elements – Kostolac culture). Further, no attention has been afforded to the interaction with the indigenous cultures, i.e., how these influences and migrations acted upon the native cultures of the Carpathian Basin.
The analysis of the archaeological finds, primarily pottery and metal, helps us identify the archaeological cultures, their distributions, and their geneses. The archaeological cultures thus assist us in our effort to reconstruct and interpret the cultural history. The division into Baden, Kostolac, Vučedol, and Vinkovci cultures is only an archaeological method that leads us to the conclusion that these four archaeological cultures constitute a single and continual development of the same entity in the Late Eneolithic and the dawn of the EBA. We have also demonstrated the penetration of another entity, the Pit Grave culture, in the Late Eneolithic Carpathian Basin, while in the EBA we see evidence of the penetration of a new entity, the Bell Beaker culture. Two different interactions between indigenous cultures and newcomers have been identified. In the case of the Pit Grave culture the indigenous culture receded in the face of its penetration, while the Bell Beaker culture appears alongside the Vinkovci culture (cf. a Vinkovci culture settlement with Bell Beaker culture at the Petrovaradin fortress site).