Prijelaz na brončano doba u Karpatskoj kotlini – naselja u južnoj Transdanubiji
Transitions to the Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin – Settlements in Southern Transdanubia
-Gabriella Kulcsár- HUN
ELTE Bölcsészettudományi Kar
Régészettudományi Intézet
Gradski muzej Vukovar
Vukovar Municipal Museum
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9. prosinca 2022.
December 9th 2022
13:00-13:30
Početak brončanoga doba (prema mađarskoj terminologiji) u južnoj Transdanubiji, Slavoniji i Srijemu obilježava materijal kasne vučedolske kulture i kulturnog tipa Somogyvár-Vinkovci. U južnoj Transdanubiji, južno od Blatnoga jezera, posebno u južno-središnjem dijelu kotline, uzduž Dunava između sjeverno Dunaszekcső u Mađarskoj i južno od Beograda u Srbiji, poznat je niz utvrđenih gradinskih lokaliteta s materijalom vučedolskog stila koji svojim strateškim položajem jasno kontroliraju tok Dunava.
Noviji zračni i terenski pregledi na manjem prostoru južno od Pečuha i Meček-gorja te u dolini rijeke Kapos u južnoj Transdanubiji otkrili su zanimljivu mrežu naselja. Ona otkriva mnogo veću gustoću takvih lokaliteta u maloj regiji nego što se očekivalo te pokazuje da možemo očekivati znatno složeniju naseobinsku mrežu početkom ranoga brončanog doba. Na gotovo svim ovim naseljima uočeno je postojanje lokalne proizvodnje sjekira s otvorom za držak potvrđene nalazima kalupa i ulomaka posuda za taljenje. Ipak, čak i na ovome prostoru uglavnom je riječ o malim naseljima na otvorenom. Moguće je da su ona bila dio dvorazinske hijerarhije s utvrđenim središnjim naseljima i manjim satelitskim naseobinama i privremenim logorima.
Cilj je ovoga izlaganja preispitati utvrđena naselja prve polovice 3. tisućljeća u južnome dijelu Transdanubije s posebnim osvrtom na 1. njihovu funkciju i položaj u krajobrazu, 2. ulogu u naseobinskim i gospodarskim jedinicama toga razdoblja i 3. njihovu ulogu u kognitivnom i simboličkom sustavu kako bi se ustanovilo jesu li podizana slučajno ili kao rezultat promišljene odluke.
At the beginning of the Bronze Age (after Hungarian terminology) in Southern Transdanubia, Slavonia and Syrmia late Vučedol and then Somogyvár-Vinkovci type material can be found. In Southern Transdanubia, south of Lake Balaton, and especially in the south-central part of the basin, along the Danube between Dunaszekcső in Hungary in the north and Belgrade in the south, a series of fortified hilltop sites are known with Vučedol style material, clearly controlling the route of the Danube from these strategic locations.
Recent aerial reconnaissance and field survey in a smaller area south of the city of Pécs and the Mecsek Mountains and in the Kapos Valley in Southern Transdanubia revealed an interesting network of settlements. This shows a much greater density of such sites in a small region than previously expected and indicates that we have to expect more complex settlement networks at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. Almost all of these settlements have yielded evidence for local manufacture of shaft-hole axes, as indicated by mould and crucible fragments. However, even in this area most of the settlements were smaller, open settlements. It is possible that these settlements were already part of a two-tiered hierarchy with fortified central sites and smaller satellite settlements or temporarily used camp sites.
The aim of the paper is to examine the fortified settlements of the first half of the 3rd millennium BC in the southern part of Transdanubia/Hungary, with special attention to (1) their function and position in the landscape, (2) their role within the settlement or economic units of the period, and (3) their role in the cognitive and symbolic systems of the period, in order to decide whether their foundation was accidental or the result of a premeditated decision.